🌏 Region(s): Ryukyu (Okinawa)
ひーさん【冷さん・寒さん】 : hiisan | define meaning
hiisan
Pronunciation: [çiːsaŋ̍]
Definition
Sa-Adjective
- Cold; chilly
Etymology
Cognate with Hokkaido, Kansai, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Ehime and Kochi ひやい hiyai; Saga, Kumamoto and Kagoshima ひやか hiyaka; Yoron ぴーさい piisai; Okinawan ふぃーさん fiisan and ひーさん hiisan "cold". Related to Osaka ひやっこい hiyakkoi "cold".
Historical Ryukyuan attestations
- Vocabulary of the language spoken at the Great Loo-Choo island in the Japan Sea (1818), by Herbert John Clifford, records "Cold. Feésa".
- Voyage of His Majesty's Ship Alceste: Along the Coast of Corea, to the Island of Lewchew, with an Account of Her Subsequent Shipwreck (1818), by John M'Leod, records "Cold. Fuisa".
Notes
Derived terms:
ひーさ【冷さ・寒さ】 hiisa "the cold; a chill".
Spelling
| Orthography | Form |
|---|---|
| Kanji | 冷さん 寒さん |
| Kana | ひーさん |
| Romanization | hiisan |
| Pronunciation (IPA) | [çiːsaŋ̍] |
Verb Paradigm
|
|
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative Perfective |
|
Indicative |
PRED |
hiisan |
hiisatan |
hiikoo neen, hiikoo neeran |
hiikoo neentan, hiikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
hiisaru |
hiisataru |
hiikoo neentaru, hiikoo neerantaru |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Root |
hii- |
|
Dictionary |
hiisan |
|
Attributive or Adnominal |
hiisaru |
|
Apocopated (indicative imperfective) |
hiisa- |
|
Noun form |
hiisa |
|
Adverbial form |
hiiku |
|
Topicalized adverbial form |
hiikoo |
|
Topicalized adverbial form |
hiikoo |
|
Conjunctive |
hiisati |
|
Continuative |
hiisai |
|
Conditional |
hiisaree |
|
Provisional conditional |
hiisaraa |
|
Consequential |
hiisanu |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Concessive conditional |
hiiti-n |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
To become... |
hiiku nain |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Concessive |
hiisa-shiga |
|
Topicalized concessive |
hiisaa-a-shiga |
|
Cause-effect |
hiisa-kutu |
|
Nominalized |
hiisa-shi |
|
Inferential |
hiisa sun |
|
Questions |
hiisa-ga |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Polite |
PRED |
hiisayabiyun†, hiisaibiyun†, |
hiisayabitan†, hiisaibitan |
hiikoo neeyabiran†, hiikoo neebiran |
hiikoo neeyabirantan†, hiikoo neebirantan |
|
ATT |
hiisayabiyuru†, hiisaibiyuru†, |
hiisayabitaru, hiisaibitaru |
hiikoo neeyabirantaru†, hiikoo neebirantaru |
||
|
Polar questions |
PRED |
hiisami |
hiisatii |
hiikoo neeni, hiikoo neerani |
hiikoo neentii, hiikoo neerantii |
|
Conjecture |
PRED |
hiisan nee sun |
hiisatan nee sun |
hiikoo neen nee sun, hiikoo neeran nee sun |
hiikoo neentan nee sun, hiikoo neerantan nee sun |
† These forms are considered literary.
Adjective paradigms are based off several sources including, but not limited to:
- Funatsu, Yoshiaki. (1988). 美しい沖縄の方言①. [Utsukushii Okinawa no kotoba 1]. ISBN4-905784-19-0.
- Sakihara, Mitsugu. (2006). Okinawan-English Wordbook. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 0824831020.
- Shizato, Rumiko and Iwasaki, Shoichi. (2024). Basic Okinawan: From Conversation to Grammar. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 9780824893651.
意味：さむい【寒い】