Online resources and reference works

Table of contents

Japanese-Ryukyuan

• Origins of the Verbalizer Affixes in the Japonic Languages, by Tyler Lau
• Reevaluating the Diphthong Mergers in Japono-Ryukyuan, by Tyler Lau
• A reconstruction of the accentual history of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages, by Moriyo Shimabukuro
• Long vowels in Proto-Japanese, by Alexander Vovin
• Endangered Languages of Japan: Lexical database, by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
• The Dialect Study Room - illustrative maps of dialectal words and expressions, by the National Institute for Japanese Language
• On the Geminate Consonants of the Antoh Dialect in Fukui Prefecture, by Tetsuo Nitta
• The comparative study of the Japonic languages, by Thomas Pellard

Japanese

• An Extensive List of Japanese Learning Resources, by Flaminius
• Jim Breen's List of Resources
• Japanese Dialect Ideology from Meiji to the Present, by Nao Okumura
• Japanese Lexical Variation Explained by Spatial Contact Patterns, by Jeszenszky, Péter, Yoshinobu Hikosaka, Satoshi Imamura and Keiji Yano
• The Productivity of Apophony in Japanese: An Experimental Approach, by Mark Irwin and Laurence Labrune

Old Japanese

From 710 to 794

• Oxford NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese (ONCOJ), by the University of Oxford and the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
• A descriptive and comparative grammar of Western Old Japanese (Part 2), by Alexander Vovin
• Old Japanese Post-Nasal Non-Back Close Vowels in a Comparative Perspective, by Aleksandra Jarosz

Early Middle Japanese

From 794 to 1185

• Wamyō ruijushō (circa 934), by Minamoto no Shitagō
  • Scans of various editions of the Wamyō ruijushō, published by Waseda University Library
  • Wamyō ruijushō [Early movable type printing], based on the 1617 20-volume edition, published by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL)

Late Middle Japanese

From 1185 to 1650

• Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam (1603), aka Nippo Jisho (日葡辞書)
  • Dictionnaire Japonais-Français (Translation of the 1603 Nippo Jisho), 1868, by Léon Pagés (Alternative version)
• Arte da Lingoa de Iapam (1604), by João Rodrigues (Alternative version)
  • Élémens de la grammaire japonaise [abridged from Arte da lingoa de Iapam] (1825), by M.C. Landresse
• Ars grammaticae Iaponicae linguae (1632), by Diego Collado
• Diego Collado's Grammar of the Japanese Language, translated and edited by Richard L. Spear

Early Modern Japanese

From 1650 to 1850 (but here including works up to 1900)

• Magazin von Merkwurdigen neuen Reisebeschrei-Bungen, Volume 7 (1792)
  • Karl Peter Thunbergs Reise durch einen Theil von Europa, Afrika und Asien: hauptsächlich in Japan, in den Jahren 1770 bis 1779 (1794)
  • Vocabulary of the Japanese Language (1795), by Carl Peter Thunberg
  • Voyages de C. P. Thunberg, au Japon, par le Cap de Bonne-Espérance, les isles de la Sonde etc, Volume 2 (1796), by Carl Peter Thunberg (alternative version)
• An English and Japanese and Japanese and English Vocabulary (1830), by Walter Henry Medhurst (Alternative version)
• Wayaku Ei jisho = English-Japanese dictionary (1869), published by the Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press
• A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary (1872), by James Curtis Hepburn
• Japanese-English Dictionary by the Late Prof. Dr. J. J. Hoffmann, Volumes 1-3 (1881), by Johann Joseph Hoffmann (alternative version)
• A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary (1886), by James Curtis Hepburn
• A New and Practical Vocabulary and Conversations of the English, French, German and Japanese Languages (1889), by Sho Nemoto
• An Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary (1896), by Frank Brinkley, Bunyiu Nanjio, Y. Iwasaki, Kakichi Mitsukuri and Jinzō Matsumura
• A dictionary of diplomatic and commercial terms: with new treaty between Japan and Great Britain, general statutory tariff and conventional tariffs (1900)
• English-Japanese conversation dictionary, preceded by a few elementary notions of Japanese grammar (1900), by Arthur Rose-Innes
• The Online Glossary of Japanese Historical Terms

General Dialects

• Old Ibaraki Dialect Collection, with comparisons to other Japonic varieties
• The Dialect Study Room - illustrative maps of dialectal words and expressions, by the National Institute for Japanese Language
• Linguistic Atlas of Japan, by the National Institute for Japanese Language
• The languages of Japan, by Masayoshi Shibatani
• A reference grammar of Japanese, by Samuel Elmo Martin
• List of Wikipedia articles on Japanese dialects (English)
• The phonetics of Japanese maid voice I: A preliminary study, by Shigeto Kawahara
• Prosodic structures of different Japanese dialects and the universality of the syllable, by Wan-Lung David Li
• Body parts and other expressions in the dialects of northern Japan
• Dialectal research on verb sound changes: Focusing on Sa-gyo i-on-bin (focusing on -su verb sound changes), by Mika Sakaki
• Field research project to analyze the formation process of Japanese dialects : Data from preliminary research on distributions of Japanese dialects, by Takuichiro Onishi and Kanetaka Yarimizu

Hokkaido and Tohoku Dialects

Aichi Dialect

• Coalescence in Japanese Dialects is Diachronic [Status of coalescence in the Owari dialect of Japanese], by Connor Youngberg

Kanto Dialects

Ibaraki Dialect

• Valency Classes in Japanese II: Dialects (Mitsukaido dialect) (Alternative version), by Kan Sasaki
• What can the Mitsukaido dialect case system tell about syntactic theory?, by Kan Sasaki
• Hardening Alternation in the Mitsukaido Dialect of Japanese, by Kan Sasaki

Chubu Dialects

• Dialect of Ueda city, Nagano Prefecture, by Kenji Ideno (with various maps showing differences between Nagano dialects)

Kansai Dialects

• Wikipedia - Kansai dialect

Chugoku Dialects

• Dialect of Daikon Island, Yatsuka District, Shimane Prefecture
• Phonology of Nagato dialect of Yamaguchi Prefecture, by Katsuhiro Fujita

Hiroshima Dialect

• Hiatus Resolution in Hiroshima Japanese (PPT version), by Shigeto Kawahara and Yurie Hara

Shikoku Dialects

• Dictionary of the Iyo Dialect, by Kotaro Iseki
• Kōchi dialect 1st, 2nd, and 3rd meter noun accent data, by Rintaro Takayama

Kyushu Dialects

Fukuoka Dialect

• Dictionary of Fukuoka-Hakata Area Dialect

Kagoshima Dialects

• Koshikijima
  • Descriptive grammar of the Koshikijima dialects, by Haruo Kubozono
  • The Accent of Koshikijima Japanese, by Haruo Kubozono
  
  
• Tanegashima
  • A Study of Greeting Expressions in the Tanegashima Dialect (Part 2), by Osamu Setoguchi
  • On the Edge Feature of Tanegashima Two-pattern Accent: Prosodic Analysis based on Corpora of Spontaneous Speech, by Nozomi Kodama
  
  
• Mishima village (Iōjima, Kuroshima and Takeshima)
  • Dialect. History of Mishima Village vol.5., by Shinsaku
  
  
• Yakushima
  • Two-pattern Accent Systems in Yakushima: Prosodic Analysis Based on Corpora of Spontaneous Speech, by Nozomi Kodama
  • Characteristics of the Yakushima dialect
  
  
• Tokara islands
  • The synthetic research over historical position on the Tokara Islands, as a transition area in the mainland of Japan and the Ryukyu islands (#14), by Kurayoshi Takara et al.
  
  
• Kagoshima Dialect (+phonology, morphology) & Dictionary
• Overview of the Kagoshima Dialects
• Dictionary of the Kagoshima Dialect
• Basic phonology and grammar overview of the dialect
• Kagoshima dialect (Satsugu dialect), Wikipedia
• Tearu and Teoru as Seen in Russian Materials Reflecting the Early 18th Century Kagoshima Dialect, by Ai Kubozono
• The Vowel e in Satsugu Dialect in the Eighteenth Century : Based on Ronichi tangoshu, by Shoji Komabashiri
• Moraic TBU's and Intonation in Izumi (Kagoshima) Dialect, by Kodama Nozomi
• Kagoshima dialect recording materials (1965), published by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
• Velar and Alveolar Consonants in Kagoshima and Tōhoku Dialects
• Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (1881)
• The Kagoshima City dialect of Kagoshima Prefecture
• The Higashimorokata dialect of Miyazaki Prefecture

Kumamoto Dialect

• Amakusa (Kumamoto) word dictionary
• Dictionary of the Fukami Bay dialect of Kumamoto

Nagasaki Dialect

• Grammar overview of the Ukushima dialect of the Goto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture, by Kyosuke Nakamura
• The current state of the Tsushima dialect (prefinal), by Vít Ulman

Miyazaki Dialect

• The Boundaries of the Miyazaki Dialects, by Shinsuke Kishie
• Shiiba (Miyazaki, Kyūshū Japanese), by Michinori Shimoji and Naoyuki Hirosawa

Oita Dialect

• The dialect of southern Oita (Taketa city) – body parts

Uchinaa-Yamatoguchi Dialect

• Uchinaa-Yamatoguchi: Yet another endangered variety on Okinawa?, by Josef Holmér

Hachijo-Daito

• Sample Clip and Transcription of Hachijo
• Brief Summary of the Hachijo Dialect
• Comprehensive study on the state of extinction and preservation of the Hachijo Dialects (alternate version)
• Phonology of the Hachijo Dialects, by Toshio Matsuura
• Old forms and recent changes in the Hachijo language, by Akihiro Kaneda (alternate version)
• The Hachijo language: Old and new, by Thomas Pellard and Nobuko Kibe
• Description of the Kashitate dialect of Hachijo, by Seizo Aoyagi

Ryukyuan

• An introduction to Ryukyuan languages, by Michinori Shimoji & Thomas Pellard
• Ryūkyuan: Past, present, and future, by Akiko Matsumori
• Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use (book preview), by Patrick Heinrich, Shinsho Miyara and Michinori Shimoji
• Comparison of a few expressions used in Kyushu and Ryukyu, by Mitsuyoshi Nohara
• When and from where did the Japonic language enter the Ryukyus?, by Leon A. Serafim
• Shimakutuba Handbook (example phrases for beginners)
• Variation in form and meaning across the Japonic language family with a focus on the Ryukyuan languages, by John Huisman
• Online Dictionary of the Japonic Languages (ODJL)
• JLect: Number of speakers of Central Okinawan
• JLect: Transcription of the Japonic languages and dialects
• About the notation of "Shimakutuba" in Okinawa Prefecture
• Reconsideration of reconstruction of non-narrow vowels *e, *o in Proto-Ryukyuan, by Kohei Nakazawa
• Attempts to Reconstruct the Proto-Northern Ryukyuan Proto-Language, by Akiko Matsumori
• Reconstruction of Ryukyuan tone classes of Middle Japanese Class 2.4 and 2.5 nouns, by Yosuke Igarashi
• Pragmatic Consequences of Language Shift: A Contrastive Study of Politeness Marker Loss in Northern Ryukyuan, by Gijs van der Lubbe, Martha Tsutsui Billins and Patrick Heinrich
• Demography, trade and state power: a tripartite model of medieval farming/language dispersals in the Ryukyu Islands (see also supplemental materials), by Aleksandra Jarosz, Martine Robbeets, Ricardo Fernandes, Hiroto Takamiya, Akito Shinzato, Naoko Nakamura, Maria Shinoto and Mark Hudson
• Austronesian Lights the Way: The Origins of the Words for ‘Sun’ and Other Celestial Vocabulary in Old Ryukyuan, by John Kupchik
• An attempt at systematic classification of Japanese and Ryukyuan dialects based on cladistic methods, by Yosuke Igarashi
• Systematic classification of Japanese dialects using a cladistic method based on common innovations: Proposal of the Southern Japanese school (including Ryukyu) and the Eastern Japanese school (including Hachijo), by Yosuke Igarashi

Old Okinawan

• The Language of the Old-Okinawan Omoro Sōshi: Reference Grammar, with Textual Selections, by Leon A. Serafim and Rumiko Shinzato
• Omoro Saushi・Omoro Sôshi (Notes of Narrations), by Tsugumi Toma
• A reconstruction of Old Okinawan: A corpus-based approach, by Chihkai Lin (requires library access)
• The case markers -ga and -no in Old Okinawan, by Thomas Dougherty

Amami

• Kikai
  • Research Report on the Kikaijima Dialects
  • Lexical Characteristics of Onomatopoeia in the Kikai Dialect of Kagoshima Prefecture, by Kouko Takeda
  • Lexical Properties of Onomatopoeias in the Dialects of Kikai Town, Kagoshima Prefecture, by Kouko Takeda
  • Kikai Island Dialect Survey Report, by Zendo Uwano
  • Phonological characteristics of Kikaijima, by Nobuko Kibe
  • The Phonemes of the Kikaijima Dialects, by Nobuko Kibe
  • Kikai Island Pitch Accent
  • The nominalizer su and sentence-final soo in Kikaijima Ryukyuan: Comparison with Japanese no(da) and (no)dewanaika, by Lukas Rieser and Rihito Shirata
  • The Syntax of Kikai : A Preliminary Study, by Masaru Honda and Yusuke Imanishi
  
  
• Northern Amami Oshima
  • Verb morphology of the Ura dialect of Amami Ōshima, in northern Ryukyu, by Hiromi Shigeno
  • Case markers in the Naze dialect, by Chiaki Tabata
  • Phonology of the Naze Dialect of Ryukyuan, by Jean H. Rogers
  
  
• Central and southern Amami Oshima
  • A New View on the Accentual Systems of the Japanese Dialects in Amami-Oshima, by Hirofumi Sakimura
  • On embedded interrogative sentences in the Imazato dialect of Amami Oshima, by Rihito Shirata
  • North Ryukyu Amami Oshima Yamato Village Imazato Dialect Honorific Method, by Hiromi Shigeno
  • How Do We Describe Demonstratives in Yuwan Ryukyuan?, by Yuto Niinaga
  • A Grammar of Yuwan, a Northern Ryukyuan Language, by Yuto Niinaga
  
  
• Southern Amami (Kakeromajima, Yoroshima, Ukejima, etc.)
  • Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus, by Samuel E. Martin
  • The Phonemes of the Shodon dialect in Amami-Oshima (Part 1)
  • The Phonemes of the Shodon dialect in Amami-Oshima (Part 2)
  
  
• Phonological characteristics of Northern Amami dialects, by Masao Ono
• Amami dialects: Kana transcription, by Takahiro Okamura
• Some problems in the phonology of Old Japanese reconsidered in the light of comparative evidence from the Amami dialects, by Junnosuke Urakami

Tokunoshima

• Tokunoshima Island Dictionary
• Standardization and Dialect Leveling in Tokunoshima, by Motoei Sawaki, Yumi Nakajima and Chitsuko Fukushima
• Accent Data from the Asama Dialect in Tokunoshima, Amami (Part 1), by Zendo Uwano
• Accent Data from the Asama Dialect in Tokunoshima, Amami (Part 4), by Zendo Uwano
• Accent Data from the Asama Dialect in Tokunoshima, Amami (Part 5), by Zendo Uwano
• Tokunoshima Language Dictionary
• Tokunoshima Kanami sayings descriptive materials, by Arin Kimu
• Accent Data from the Asama Dialect in Tokunoshima, Amami (Part 7), by Zendo Uwano

Okinoerabu

• Okinoerabu (Shimamuni) Dictionary
• Okinoerabu Dictionary
• Examples of Vocabulary of the Okinoerabu Island Dialect of Japanese with Particular Reference to Prosodemes: Part 4, by Zendo Uwano
• Geographical Distribution of Mimetics in Amami-Okinoerabu Island, by Akiko Tokunaga
• A grammar of Okinoerabu - Kunigami dialect, Ryukyuan, by Akiko Tokunaga-Yokoyama

Yoron

• Nominalization in Yoron, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Let's speak Yoron (sample text with translation), by Hideshi Kiku
• Plural Forms in Yoron-Ryukyuan and Address Nouns in Ryukyuan Languages, by Nobuke Kibe, Hajime Oshima and Masahiro Yamada
• Towards a Description of the Case System of Yoron Ryukyuan: The Nominative Case Particles Ga/Nu and the Bare Case, by Nana Tohyama and Tohru Seraku
• Adverbs in the Asato dialect of Yoron-cho, Oshima-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Expressions of treatment in the Asato dialect of Yoron-cho, Oshima-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Classifiers of the Asato dialect of Yoron-cho, Oshima-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Negative expressions in the Asato dialect of Yoron-cho, Oshima-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Aspect of the Asato dialect of Yoron-cho, Oshima-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Metaphors in the Asato Dialect of Yoron-cho, Oshima-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Indicative expressions in the Asato dialect of Yoron Island, by Machi Hiromitsu
• Research Report on Yoron and Okinoerabu Dialect : General Study for Research and Conservation of Endangered Dialects in Japan, by Nobuko Kibe et al. (alternative version)
• Yoron dialect accent material (2), by Zendo Uwano

Northern Okinawan (Kunigami)

• Northern Okinawan dialect accent survey vocabulary: water and ice, by Fumio Kusakabe
• Small Linguistics: Phonological history and lexical loans in Nakijin dialect Okinawan, by Stewart A. Curry
• A Prosodic Analysis of Two Speech Recordings of Nago Dialect, by Nozomi Kodama
• The Expression of Possibility and Ability in the Koki Dialect of Nago, Northern Ryukyuan, by Shigehisa Karimata
• Onomatopoeic words in the Nago dialect of Okinawa, by Shigehisa Karimata
• Onomatopoeic words in the Nago dialect of Okinawa (Nago>Japanese dictionary), by Shigehisa Karimata
• Onomatopoeic words in the Nago dialect of Okinawa (Japanese>Nago dictionary), by Shigehisa Karimata
• True adjectives in the Nago dialect of Okinawa, by Shigehisa Karimata
• Particles in the Sesoko dialect of Motobu city, Okinawa, by Chokujin Uchima
• Pitch accent system of Takazato dialect, located in the town of Ōgimi, Kunigami District, by Wayne Lawrence
• History of Ogimi Village: Language Edition
• Discourse materials of the Iheya dialect of the Northern Ryukyu Okinawan language, by Salvatore Carlino (alternative version)
• Pronouns, Demonstratives and Interrogatives in the Soukei Dialect of Ginoza, Okinawa, by Gijs van der Lubbe
• Verb Morphology of Northern Okinawa Kin Dialect, by Koji Tamamoto
• Pitch accent system of the Kin dialect of Okinawan, by Akiko Matsumori
• Indicative Accent Patterns and Their Sequences in the Kin Dialect of Okinawa Main Island, by Akiko Matsumori
• Accent Classification for Nouns in the Kin Dialect of Mainland Okinawa Island, by Akiko Matsumori

Okinawan

• Introductory works for beginners:
  • Shimakutuba guidebooks (multiple student-friendly visual pdfs), by Okinawabon
  • Memrise: (Okinawan) Learn Basic Uchinaaguchi (learning app)
  • Aloha Uchinaaguchi (lessons and tests)
  • Useful Okinawan phrases, Omniglot
  • How to learn the Okinawan language, Uchinaguchi (YouTube video series)
  • Introduction To The Okinawan Language: Uchina Guchi (2002)
  • Byron Fija on Ryukyuan Languages in Uchinaaguchi (2012) (YouTube video)
  • Let's speak Uchinaaguchi! (2022) (YouTube video series)
  • Uchinaguchi Study Group (Okinawan language) (2021-2022) (YouTube video series)
    
    
• Dictionaries, wordlists and grammars:
  • Konkoukenshuu – Words of the Royal Palace (Oldest Okinawan dictionary, 1711) (alternate web version)
  • Vocabulary of the language spoken at the Great Loo-Choo island in the Japan Sea (1818), by Herbert John Clifford
  • Voyage of His Majesty's Ship Alceste: Along the Coast of Corea, to the Island of Lewchew, with an Account of Her Subsequent Shipwreck (1818), by John M'Leod
  • English-Loochooan Dictionary (1846-1851), by Bernard Jean Bettelheim
    • 4. B. J. Bettelheim 1849: The first grammar of Ryukyuan (2015), by Christopher Griesenhofer
  • Essay in Aid of a Grammmar and Dictionary of the Luchuan Language (1895), by Basil Hall Chamberlain
  • Okinawan language dictionary (1896), by Masayo Nakamoto
  • Okinawan language dictionary (1963), published by the National Institute for Japanese Language (mirror)
  • Excel spreadsheets of the 9th edition of Okinawan language dictionary (2001), published by the National Institute for Japanese Language
    • Note: Since 2022, JLect integrates data from the 沖縄語辞典 データ集 (Okinawago jiten dēta-shū) into its results, being one of the first online dictionaries to do so. To use it, set Jlect's search filter to 'Ryukyu' or any of the Ryukyuan languages for best results. Here are two examples: っくゎ or 命.
    • OMOLO – Okinawan Dictionary Online , published by the NINJAL Digital Archive (NINDA)
    • Okinawan-Japanese Dictionary/Japanese-Okinawan Dictionary/Uchinaaguchi Dictionary, by Hisanobu Nakamura
  • Okinawan-English Wordbook: a short lexicon of the Okinawan language with English definitions and Japanese cognates (2006), by Mitsugu Sakihara et al.
  • Ajimaa: Dictionary of Okinawan (online)
  • Waryu jiten: Japanese-Ryukyuan Dictionary (2018) (online)
  • Kozaweb dictionary of Okinawan (online)
  • Dictionary of the Kudaka Island dialect, by Tomokuni Fukuji and Shin'ichi Kajiku
  • Dictionary of Okinawan Collocations (aka Dictionary of the Practical Use of Okinawan), by Shinsho Miyara (text database)
  • Haisai - Okinawan words, published by Churaneko
    
    
• Iha Fuyū's collection of Okinawan books (alternate version)
• A number of resources on Okinawan, Haisai.co.jp
• Clausal Focus Structure in Okinawan, by Shinsho Miyara
• Wh-Concord in Okinawan = Syntactic Movement + Morphological Merger, by Kunio Kinjo
• Nominalization in Okinawan: From a diachronic and comparative perspective, by Rumiko Shinzato
• Accentuation of One and Two Syllables in Southern Okinawa, by Masachie Nakamoto
• The Past Form of Stative Verbs in South-Central Okinawan, by Gijs van der Lubbe
• On the relation between the particles 'ga' and 'nu' in Urasoe, by Satoshi Uchima
• Aspect and Modality in Luchuan: In The Case of The Shuri dialect, by Tomoko Arakaki (PostScript file)
• The Dative Particles "-Nkai" "-nakai" "-ni" "-ga" and "-kai" of the Shuri Dialect of Okinawan : In Contrast with the Particles "-ni" and "-e" of Standard Japanese, by Satoshi Nishioka
• Evidentials in Ryukyuan: the Shuri Variety of Luchuan: A Typological and Theoretical Study of Grammatical Evidentiality, by Tomoko Arakaki
• Examining the Grammatical Functions of the Auxiliary Verb Rijun in the Shuri Dialect of Ryukyuan Languages, by Yan Kit Kwong
• The perfective use of -ti in Shuri Ryukyuan (abstract), by Griesenho
• Honorific verbs in the Shuri dialect, by Satoshi Nishioka
• Shuri dialect, Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture
• Particles in the Maejima dialect of Southern Okinawa, by Kumiko Arakaki
• Descriptive study of Maejima dialect phonology, by Kumiko Arakaki
• The Tonology of Itoman Okinawan: A Phonological Analysis of the Nominal Tone System, by Nobutaka Takara
• Pronouns of the Northern Ryukyu Torishima dialect, by Gijs van der Lubbe

Miyako

• Ikema-Nishihara
  (Note: As spoken on Ikema island, in Sarahama on Irabu island and in Nishihara on Miyako island.)
  • An instrumental analysis of the two tone system in Ikema Ryukyuan, by Yuka Hayashi, Yosuke Igarashi, Yukinori Takubo and Tomoyuki Kubo
  • Miyako-Ikema Online Dictionary (2018) (online)
  • Contrastive topic =gyaa in Ikema-Nishihara Miyakoan of Southern Ryukyus, by Natsuko Nakagawa and Yuka Hayashi
  • Accent neutralization and merging in the Southern Ryukyuan Ikema dialect of Miyako, by Yosuke Igarashi and Takubo Yukinori
  
  
• Ogami Island
  • Ogami — Éléments de description d'un parler du Sud des Ryukyu (English), by Thomas Pellard
  • Converbs and their desubordination in Ōgami Ryukyuan, by Thomas Pellard (mirror)
  
  
• Irabu and Shimoji Islands
  • Irabu Ryukyuan (Sketch), by Michinori Shimoji
  • A Grammar of Irabu, a Southern Ryukyuan Language, by Michinori Shimoji
  • Descriptive units and categories in Irabu, by Michinori Shimoji
  • Foot and Rhythmic Structure in Irabu Ryukyuan, by Michinori Shimoji
  • Epistemic Modality in Irabu Ryukyuan, by Michinori Shimoji
  • Copula sentence structure in Irabu Ryukyuan
  • Property concepts in Irabu Ryukyuan, by Michinori Shimoji
  • Tonal Alternation and Rhythmic Structure in Irabu Ryukyuan, by Michinori Shimoji and Hayashi Yuka
  
  
• Miyako Island
  • Pragmatic factors in the development of a switch-adjective language: A case study of the Miyako-Hirara dialect of Ryukyuan, by Yulia Koloskova and Toshio Ohori
  • Standard Japanese and the Hirara Dialect: A Case of Linguistic Convergence, by John J. Chew
  
  
• Kurima Island
  • Basic description of the finite verb inflection in Kurima-Miyako (preprint), by Aleksandra Jarosz
  
  
• On the Obstruentization of Old Japanese /w/ : Focusing on the Miyako and Yaeyama Dialects, by Chokujin Uchima
• Some verbal paradigms in Miyako, by Nakama Mitsunari
• On origin of the 'predicative verb form' in Miyako dialects, by Shigehisa Karimata
• Phonemic structure of the Miyako dialect of Southern Ryukyu, by Hayato Aoi
• Miyako-Ryukyuan and its contribution to linguistic diversity, by Aleksandra Jarosz
• General Study for Research and Conservation of Endangered Dialects in Japan – Research Report on Miyako Ryukyuan, by Nobuko Kibe
• Nikolay Nevskiy's Miyakoan Dictionary: reconstruction from the manuscript and its ethnolinguistic analysis, by Aleksandra Jarosz
• OLAC resources in and about the Miyako language (links to other resources)
• The weight and representation of Ryukyuan Miyako onsets: Initial geminate moraicity, markedness, and sonority, by Matias Myhre
• Verb Conjugation in the Miyako Language: Perfective, Negative, Past, and Continuative Forms, by Shigehisa Karimata
• History of the Southern Ryukyu Miyako language, by Kenan Celik
• Plurality Expressions in Noun Phrase Hierarchy in Miyako Dialects: Preliminary research report, by Hachime Oshima and Kenan Celik
• Body vocabulary in the Miyako dialects notebook, by Aleksandra Jarosz

Tarama-Minna

• On Phonemes and Phonetic Changes of the Miyako-Tarama Dialect, by Kayoko Shimoji
• Correlation between lexical meaning and form of adjectives: Ryukyu Tarama dialect
• On the -ja Construction in the Tarama Dialect of Southern Ryukyuan, by Kayoko Shimoji
• Representation of space and time in Tarama, by Kayoko Shimoji
• A Reconsideration of Case in Tarama (South-Ryukyuan): Focusing on -ni: and -Nka Forms, by Kayoko Shimoji
• The Three-Patterned Accent System in Miyako-Tarama Variety of Southern Ryukyuan: Its Properties and Accent Neutralizations, by Hayato Aoi
• Phonology and sound changes in the Tamara dialect of Miyako, by Kayoko Shimoji
• Expressions of space and time in the Tarama dialect, by Kayoko Shimoji
• Comparative Study of an Adjectives in Ryukyu Dialects: Tsuken dialect and Tarama dialect
• Prosodic Structure of the Tarama Dialect : Description and Interpretation of the Tonal Pattern of the Fused Progressive Verbal Forms, by Kenan Celik and Hayato Aoi
• Southern Ryukyu Miyako language Tarama dialect dictionary, by Kenan Celik and Shunei Tokuyama

Yaeyama

• Ishigaki Island
  • The Disappearing /ï/ and Lenition of /p/ in the Ishigaki Dialect : Fieldwork on the "Island of Songs", by Yuko Yoshida
  • Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Miyara Yaeyaman, by Christopher Davis and Tyler Lau
  • Surface Position and Focus Domain of the Ryukyuan Focus Particle du: Evidence from Miyara Yaeyaman, by Christopher Davis
  • Noun Accent Data of the Yaeyama Miyara Dialect of Southern Ryukyu, by Kenan Celik, Reiko Aso and Kohei Nakazawa
  • Conjugation system of the Miyara dialect of Ishigaki city, Okinawa Prefecture, by Kumiko Arakaki
  • Report on the Lexical Prosodic System of Nouns in the Southern Ryukyuan Yaeyama Miyara Dialect, by Kenan Celik, Reiko Aso and Kohei Nakazawa
  • Miyara, Ishigaki City, Okinawa Prefecture, by Chisako Ogino
  • A Descriptive Study of the Ishigaki Island Shiraho Dialect of the Southern Ryukyuan Yaeyama Language, by Yuko Urabe
  • Shiraho Devoicing and Pitch Accent, by Tyler Lau
  • A Grammar of the Shiraho Dialect of Yaeyama, by Natsuko Nakagawa, Tyler Lau and Yukinori Takubo
  
  
• Taketomi Island
  • Moraicity of initial geminates in the Tedumuni (Taketomi) dialect of Okinawa, by Shigeko Shinohara and Masako Fujimoto
  • Basic Vocabulary of the Taketomi Dialect: Plants, by Shin'ichi Kajiku
  • Accent and categorized vocabulary of the Taketomi Island dialect: Taketomi Island dialect version of “The North Wind and the Sun”, by Wayne Lawrence
  
  
• Kohama Island
  • Phoneme inventory of the Kohama dialect of Yaeyama, by Jou Nakahara
  
  
• Kuroshima Island
  • The Grammar of the Southern Ryukyu Yaeyama Kuroshima Dialect, by Soichiro Harada
  
  
• Aragusuku Islands
  (Note: Aragusuku is often grouped under the Miyako language)
  • Reflexive pronouns in the Aragusuku dialect of the Southern Ryukyu Miyako language, by Danning Wang
  
  
• Hateruma Island
  • Participles in the Hateruma dialect of Yaeyama: the additional function of the plain and cliticized forms, by Aso Reiko
  • An Acoustic Phonetic Analysis of Two Varieties of Hateruma Dialect, by Giuseppe Pappalardo
  • Sound correspondances and sound changes in the Hateruma dialect of Yaeyama, by Makio Oono
  • Interim report on the Southern Ryukyu Yaeyama Hateruma Dialect Dictionary, by Kenan Celik, Reiko Aso and Kohei Nakazawa
  • About the Yaeyama dialect of Hateruma Island, by Akihiro Kaneda
  
  
• Hatoma Island
  • Hatoma Yaeyaman Dictionary Online, published by the NINJAL Digital Archive (NINDA)
  • The Audio Database of Hatoma Lexicon (source dataset), by Shinichi Kajiku and Nakagawa Natsuko
  
  
• Iriomote Island
  • Sound Correspondence and Sound Change in the Iriomote Sonai Dialect, by Makio Oono
  • A Grammar Outline of the Southern Ryukyu Yaeyama Iriomote Island Funauki Dialect, by Yuko Urabe
  • An Overview of the Grammar of the Southern Ryukyuan Yaeyama Iriomote Island Funauki Dialect, by Yuko Urabe
  
  
• Phonological comparison of Yaeyama dialects, by Shigehisa Karimata
• The Role of Focus Particles in Wh-Interrogatives: Evidence from a Southern Ryukyuan Language, by Christopher Davis
• Phonological Reduction and the (Re)emergence of Attributive Forms in Yaeyama Ryukyuan, by Tyler Lau and Christopher Davis
• Plurality and distributivity in Yaeyaman wh-questions, by Christopher Davis
• Fundamental research on comparative historical dialectology of the Ryukyu Yaeyama dialect, by Shigehisa Karimata

Yonaguni

• About the Yonaguni language, by Kaijiku Shinichi
• Yonaguni verb accent, by Nishioka Satoshi
• Yonaguni – Introduction and Phonology, by Atsuko Izuyama
• The phylogenetic position of the Yonaguni dialect, by Wayne Lawrence
• Simplified Grammar and Natural Discourse Materials of Dunang (Yonaguni) Language, by Masahiro Yamada, Thomas Pellard, Michinori Shimoji
• Dunan grammar (Yonaguni Ryukyuan), by Masahiro Yamada, Thomas Pellard, Michinori Shimoji
• Phonological and Morphological Changes in Yonaguni Dialect, by Kohei Nakazawa
• Verb morphology and conjugation classes in Dunan (Yonaguni), by Thomas Pellard and Masahiro Yamada

Ainu

Although not part of the Japonic language family, studies on the Ainuic languages, of which only Hokkaido Ainu remains, are important to the understanding and reconstruction of proto-Japonic due to extended historical contact between the two language families.

• An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language) (1905), by John Bachelor
• Handbook of the Ainu Language, by Anna Bugaeva (Institutional access required)
• A Basic Vocabulary of the Samani Dialect of Ainu, by Tomomi Sato
• A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective , by Andreas Hölzl

Note regarding links that point to the CiNii website: CiNii no longer hosts or provides direct links to the relevant articles. You may have to browse through the journal it lists or search on Google for the article.

General note: Some articles linked may require library or institutional access in order to view them or in order to lift the cost associated with accessing the article. This is generally the case for published works hosted on Brill or JSTOR.