🌏 Region(s): Ryukyu (Okinawa)
ちわさん : chiwasan | define meaning
chiwasan
Pronunciation: [t͡ɕiwasaŋ̍]
Definition
Sa-Adjective
- Severe; strict; stern; harsh
Etymology
Cognate with standard Japanese けわしい【険しい・嶮しい】 kewashii "rugged; arduous; stern".
Spelling
| Orthography | Form |
|---|---|
| Kana | ちわさん |
| Romanization | chiwasan |
| Pronunciation (IPA) | [t͡ɕiwasaŋ̍] |
Verb Paradigm
|
|
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative Perfective |
|
Indicative |
PRED |
chiwasan, chiwashan† |
chiwasatan, chiwashatan† |
chiwashikoo neen, chiwashikoo neeran |
chiwashikoo neentan, chiwashikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
chiwasaru |
chiwasataru, chiwashataru† |
chiwashikoo neentaru, chiwashikoo neerantaru |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Root |
chiwa- |
|
Dictionary |
chiwasan, chiwashan† |
|
Attributive or Adnominal |
chiwasaru |
|
Apocopated (indicative imperfective) |
chiwasa- |
|
Noun form |
chiwasa |
|
Adverbial form |
chiwashiku |
|
Topicalized adverbial form |
chiwashikoo |
|
Topicalized adverbial form |
chiwashikoo |
|
Conjunctive |
chiwasati, chiwashati† |
|
Continuative |
chiwasai |
|
Conditional |
chiwasaree |
|
Provisional conditional |
chiwasaraa |
|
Consequential |
chiwasanu, chiwashanu† |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Concessive conditional |
chiwati-n |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
To become... |
chiwashiku nain |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Concessive |
chiwasa-shiga |
|
Topicalized concessive |
chiwasaa-a-shiga |
|
Cause-effect |
chiwasa-kutu |
|
Nominalized |
chiwasa-shi |
|
Inferential |
chiwasa sun |
|
Questions |
chiwasa-ga |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Polite |
PRED |
chiwasayabiyun†, chiwasaibiyun†, |
chiwasayabitan†, chiwasaibitan |
chiwashikoo neeyabiran†, chiwashikoo neebiran |
chiwashikoo neeyabirantan†, chiwashikoo neebirantan |
|
ATT |
chiwasayabiyuru†, chiwasaibiyuru†, |
chiwasayabitaru, chiwasaibitaru |
chiwashikoo neeyabirantaru†, chiwashikoo neebirantaru |
||
|
Polar questions |
PRED |
chiwasami, chiwashami† |
chiwasatii, chiwashatii |
chiwashikoo neeni, chiwashikoo neerani |
chiwashikoo neentii, chiwashikoo neerantii |
|
Conjecture |
PRED |
chiwasan nee sun, chiwashan nee sun† |
chiwasatan nee sun, chiwashatan nee sun† |
chiwashikoo neen nee sun, chiwashikoo neeran nee sun |
chiwashikoo neentan nee sun, chiwashikoo neerantan nee sun |
† These forms are considered literary.
Adjective paradigms are based off several sources including, but not limited to:
- Funatsu, Yoshiaki. (1988). 美しい沖縄の方言①. [Utsukushii Okinawa no kotoba 1]. ISBN4-905784-19-0.
- Sakihara, Mitsugu. (2006). Okinawan-English Wordbook. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 0824831020.
- Shizato, Rumiko and Iwasaki, Shoichi. (2024). Basic Okinawan: From Conversation to Grammar. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 9780824893651.
意味：きつい、きびしい・いかめしい【厳しい・酷しい・厳めしい】、けわしい【険しい・嶮しい】