🌏 Region(s): Ryukyu (Okinawa)
ちゅくいん【作いん】 : chukuin | define meaning
chukuin
Pronunciation: [t͡ɕukuiŋ̍]
Definition
Verb
- To make; to produce
Etymology
Cognate with standard Japanese つくる【作る・造る・創る】 tsukuru "to make".
Historical Ryukyuan attestations
- Vocabulary of the language spoken at the Great Loo-Choo Island, in the Japan Sea (1818), by Herbert John Clifford, records "Sugar, to make. Sáta skóyoong" and "Bake bread, to. Quáshee soókooyoong".
Spelling
| Orthography | Form |
|---|---|
| Kanji | 作いん |
| Kana | ちゅくいん |
| Romanization | chukuin |
| Pronunciation (IPA) | [t͡ɕukuiŋ̍] |
Verb Paradigm
|
|
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative Perfective |
|
Indicative |
PRED |
chukuyun, chukuin |
chukutan |
chukuran |
chukurantan |
|
ATT |
chukuyuru, chukuiru |
chukutaru |
|||
|
Progressive |
PRED |
chukutoon |
chukutootan |
chukuteewuran |
chukuteewurantan |
|
ATT |
chukutooru |
chukutootaru |
|||
|
Causative |
PRED |
chukurasun |
chukurachan |
chukurasan |
chukurasantan |
|
ATT |
chukurasuru |
chukuracharu |
|||
|
Passive and Potential |
PRED |
chukurariyun, |
chukuraritan, |
chukurariran, |
chukurarirantan, |
|
ATT |
chukurariyuru, |
chukuraritaru, |
|||
|
Causative-Passive |
PRED |
chukurasariyun, |
chukurasaritan |
chukurasariran |
chukurasarirantan |
|
ATT |
chukurasariyuru, |
chukurasariraru |
|||
|
Intransitivizing resultative (For transitive verbs only) |
PRED |
chukuteen |
chukuteetan |
chukuteeneen |
chukuteeneentan |
|
ATT |
chukuteeru |
chukuteetaru |
|||
|
Preparatory |
PRED |
chukutoochun |
chukutoochan |
chukuteeukan |
chukuteeukantan |
|
ATT |
chukutoochuru |
chukutoocharu |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Root |
chukur- |
|
Dictionary |
chukuyun, chukuin |
|
Attributive or Adnominal |
chukuyuru, chukuiru |
|
Apocopated (indicative imperfective) |
chukuyu-, chukui- |
|
Adverbial |
chukui |
|
Volitional-Presumptive |
chukura |
|
Conjunctive |
chukuti |
|
Representative |
chukutai |
|
Imperative |
chukuri, |
|
Conditional |
chukuree |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Conjecture |
chukuyuru haji, chukuiru haji |
|
So as to... |
chukuyuru gutu, chukuiru gutu |
|
Before... |
chukuyuru mee, chukuiru mee |
|
While... |
chukuyuru qweeda, chukuyuru-qweema, chukuiru qweeda, chukuiru-qweema |
|
Purpose |
chukuyuru tami ni, chukuiru tami ni |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Request |
chukuti-kwimisooree |
|
Benefactive |
chukuti-kwiin |
|
Completive |
chukuti-neen |
|
Concessive conditional |
chukuti-n |
|
After... |
chukuti-kara |
|
After... |
chukuti-atu |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Desiderative |
PRED |
chukui-busan |
chukui-busantan |
chukui-bushikoo neen, chukui-bushikoo neeran |
chukui-bushikoo neentan, chukui-bushikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
chukui-busaru |
chukui-busataru |
|||
|
Easy to... |
PRED |
chukui-yassan |
chukui-yassantan |
chukui-yashikoo neen, chukui-yashikoo neeran |
chukui-yashikoo neentan, chukui-yashikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
chukui-yassaru |
chukui-yassataru |
|||
|
Hard to... |
PRED |
chukui-gurisan |
chukui-gurisantan |
chukui-gurikoo neen, chukui-gurikoo neeran |
chukui-gurikoo neentan, chukui-gurikoo neerantan |
|
ATT |
chukui-gurisaru |
chukui-gurisataru |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Exalting |
PRED |
chukui-misheen, chuku-misheen |
chukui-misheentan, chuku-misheentan |
chukui-misooran, chuku-misooran |
chukui-misoorantan, chuku-misoorantan |
|
ATT |
chukui-misheeru, chuku-misheeru |
chukui-misheetaru, chuku-misheetaru, chukui-misoocharu, chuku-misoocharu |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
While (simultaneously)... |
chukui-gachii |
|
Form |
Construction |
|
Reported past |
chukuyu-tan, chukui-tan |
|
Nominalizing |
chukuyu-shi, chukui-shi |
|
Concessive |
chukuyu-shiga, chukui-shiga |
|
Cause-effect |
chukuyu-kutu, chukui-kutu |
|
Prohibitive |
chukuyu-na, chukui-na |
|
Provisional conditional |
chukuyu-ra chukui-ra |
|
Questions |
chukuyu-ga, chukui-ga |
|
Form |
|
Imperfective |
Perfective |
Negative |
Negative perfective |
|
Polite |
PRED |
chukuyabiyun, chukuibiyun, |
chukuyabitan, chukuibitan |
chukuyabiran, chukuibiran |
chukuyabirantan, chukuibirantan |
|
ATT |
chukuyabiyuru, chukuibiyuru, |
chukuyabitaru, chukuibitaru |
|||
|
Polar questions |
PRED |
chukuyumi, chukuimi |
chukutii |
chukurani |
chukurantii |
Verb paradigms are based off several sources including, but not limited to:
- Funatsu, Yoshiaki. (1988). 美しい沖縄の方言①. [Utsukushii Okinawa no kotoba 1]. ISBN4-905784-19-0.
- Sakihara, Mitsugu. (2006). Okinawan-English Wordbook. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 0824831020.
- Shizato, Rumiko and Iwasaki, Shoichi. (2024). Basic Okinawan: From Conversation to Grammar. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. ISBN: 9780824893651.
意味：つくる【作る・造る・創る】